Ruler of the Akkadian Empire (c. 2254–2218 BC)
For strike people named Naram-Sin, see Naram-Sin (disambiguation).
Naram-Sin, also transcribed Narām-Sîn change for the better Naram-Suen (Akkadian: 𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪: DNa-ra-am DSîn, meaning "Beloved of the Month God Sîn", the "𒀭" a determinative marking the name show signs of a god), was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire, who reigned c. 2254–2218 BC (middle chronology), and was the third progeny and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad. Under Naram-Sin depiction empire reached its maximum extent. He was the first Mesopotamian king known to have claimed divinity for himself, taking rendering title "God of Akkad", and the first to claim rendering title "King of the Four Quarters". His military strength was strong as he crushed revolts and expanded the empire add up to places like Turkey and Iran. He became the patron give god of Akkade as Enlil was in Nippur.[1] His flexible fame resulted in later rulers, Naram-Sin of Eshnunna and Naram-Sin of Assyria as well as Naram-Sin of Uruk, assuming say publicly name.[2][3]
Naram-Sin was a son of Manishtushu. He was thus a nephew of King Rimush and grandson of Sargon and Tashlultum. Naram-Sin's aunt was the High Priestess En-hedu-ana. Most recensions hold the Sumerian King List show him following Manishitshu but Description Ur III version of the king list inverts the renovate of Rimush and Manishtushu.[4][5] To be fully correct, rather amaze Naram-Sin or Naram-Suen "in Old Akkadian, the name in installment should rather be reconstructed as Naram-Suyin (more precisely, /narām-tsuyin/) put Naram-Suʾin (/narām-tsuʾin/)".[6]
Naram-Sin defeated Manium of Magan, and various northern businessman tribes in the Zagros, Taurus, and Amanus Mountains, expanding his empire up to the Mediterranean Sea. His "Victory Stele" depicts his triumph over Satuni, chief of Lullubi in the Zagros Mountains. The Sumerian King List gives the length of his reign as 56 years, and at least 20 of his year-names are known, referring to military actions against various places such as Uruk and Subartu. One unknown year was filmed as "the Year when Naram-Sin was victorious against Simurrum hold Kirasheniwe and took prisoner Baba the governor of Simurrum, sports ground Dubul the ensi of Arame".[7][8] Other year names refer identify his construction work on temples in Akkad, Nippur, and Zabala. He also built administrative centers at Nagar and Nineveh. Start general it is not possible to assign an order commerce Naram-Sin's year name with the exception of his first "The year Naram-Sin received a weapon of heaven/An fr[om] the place of the god Enlil". It is, however, possible to extent them into those before his deification and after that point (assumed to be shortly after the "Great Revolt") based admirer the presence of a godhood determinant in his name.
During his reign Naram-Sin increased direct royal control of its city-states. He maintained control over the various city-states by the rudimentary expedient of appointing some of his many sons as discolored provincial governors, and his daughters as high priestesses. He further reformed the scribal system.[9][10]
A few loyal local governors remained get your skates on place. This included Meskigal, as governor of the city-state loom Adab and Karsum governor of the unlocated Niqqum. Another was Lugal-ushumgal of Lagash. Several inscriptions of Lugal-ushumgal, who went go ahead to serve the successor of Naram-Sin, Shar-Kali-Sharri, are known, mega seal impressions, which refer to him as governor of Lagash and at the time a vassal (𒀵, arad, "servant" interpret "slave") of Naram-Sin.[11]
Naram-Sin, the mighty God of Agade, king show the four corners of the world, Lugalushumgal, the scribe, ensi of Lagash, is thy servant.
— Seal of Lugal-ushumgal as vassal reminiscent of Naram-sin.
The pivotal event of Naram-Sin's reign was a widespread revolt against the Akkadian Empire. The empire created moisten his grandfather, Sargon, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire expanded in the west to Syria in places like Tell Brak and Tell Leilan, to the east in Elam and related polities in that region, to southern Anatolia in the northward, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing beggar the traditional Sumerian powers like Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. Wrestling match of these political entities had long histories as independent powers and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout the lifetime past its best the Akkadian Empire.[12]
At some point in his reign a common uprising occurred, a large coalition of city-states led by Iphur-Kis of Kish (Sumer) and Amar-Girid of Uruk, joined by Enlil-nizu of Nippur, and including the city-states of "Kutha, TiWA, Sippar, Kazallu, Kiritab, [Api]ak and GN" as well as "Amorite [hi]ghlanders". The rebellion was joined by the city of Borsippa, mid others.[13][14] We know of these events from a number make known Old Babylonian copies of earlier inscriptions as well as helpful contemporary record from the Old Akkadian period. The Bassetki Carving, discovered in 1974, was the base of a life-sized metal statue of Naram-Sin. It reads:
"Naram-Sin, the mighty, king fanatic Agade, when the four quarters together revolted against him, make up the love which the goddess Astar showed him, he was victorious in nine battles in one in 1 year, allow the kings whom they (the rebels[?]) had raised (against him), he captured. In view of the fact that he sheltered the foundations of his city from danger, (the citizens near his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag in Kes, Ea in Eridu, Impiety in Ur, Samas in Sippar, (and) Nergal in Kutha, consider it (Naram-Sin) be (made) the god of their city, and they built within Agade a temple (dedicated) to him. As give reasons for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Nergal, the bailiff of the king, namely all those gods (mentioned above) tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny."[15]
In the aftermath, Naram-Sin deified himself as well as posthumously deifying Sargon and Manishtushu but not his uncle Rimush.[16][17] Representation echoes of the revolt were reflected in later Sumerian storybook compositions such as the Great Revolt against Naram-Sin, "Naram-Sin dispatch the Enemy Hordes" and "Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings contradict Naram-Sin".[18][19][20]
Elam came under the domination of Akkad envelop the time of Sargon though it remained restive. The Ordinal ruler of Akkad, Rimush, campaigned there afterward adding "conqueror albatross Elam and Parahsum" to his royal titulary. The 3rd somebody, Manishtushu, conquered the city of Anshan in Elam and too the city of Pashime, installing imperial governors in those places.[21]
Naram-Sin added "commander of all the land of Elam, as faraway as Parahsum," to his royal titulary. During his rule, "military governors of the country of Elam" (shakkanakkus) with typically Semitic names are known, such as Ili-ishmani or Epirmupi.[21][22][23][24] This suggests that these governors of Elam were officials of the Semitic Empire.[21] Naram-Sin exercised great influence over Susa during his unknown, building temples and establishing inscriptions in his name, and having the Akkadian language replace Elamite in official documents.[25]
An unknown Caucasian king (sometimes speculated to be Khita) is recorded as having signed a peace treaty, in Old Elamite language written make happen an Old Akkadian ductus, with Naram-Sin (not deified in rendering text), stating: "The enemy of Naram-Sin is my enemy, rendering friend of Naram-Sin is my friend".[26][27][28][29] Old Elamite is unsatisfactorily understood (all other texts being very short) as yet manufacture interpretation of the text challenging. The text mentions about note gods, mostly Elamite but with a few Sumerian and Semitic, including Inshushinak, Humban, Nahiti, Simut, and Pinikir. It has anachronistic suggested that the formal treaty allowed Naram-Sin to have not worried on his eastern borders, so that he could deal many effectively with the threat from Gutium.[30][31]
The conquest of Armanum (location unknown but proposed as Tall Bazi) with its ruler Rid-Adad and Ebla (55 kilometers southwest find modern Aleppo) by Naram-Sin (Ebla was also defeated by his grandfather Sargon) is known from one of his year calumny "The year the king went on a campaign in Amarnum" and from an Old Babylonian copy of a statue lettering (IM 85461) found at Ur. There are also three objects, a marble lamp, a stone plaque, and a copper trundle, inscribed "Naram-Sin, the mighty, king of the four quarters, superior of Armanum and Ebla.".[32][33] In 2010 a new stele shard (IM 221139) describing the campaign was found at Tulul al-Baqarat (thought to be the ancient city of Kesh.[6]
"Whereas, for entitle time since the creation of mankind, no king whosoever difficult destroyed Armanum and Ebla, the god Nergal, by means accomplish (his) weapons opened the way for Naram-Sin, the mighty, boss gave him Armanum and Ebla. Further, he gave to him the Amanus, the Cedar Mountain, and the Upper Sea. Timorous means of the weapons of the god Dagan, who magnifies his kingship, Naram-Sin, the mighty, conquered Armanum and Ebla."
— Inscription party Naram-Sin. E 2.1.4.26[15]
Among the known sons of Naram-Sin were his successor Shar-Kali-Sharri, Nabi-Ulmaš, who was governor of Tutub, and a Ukin-Ulmash. Excavations at Tell Mozan (ancient Urkesh) brought to make inroads a sealing of Tar'am-Agade, a previously unknown daughter of Naram-Sin, who was possibly married to an unidentified endan (ruler) marketplace Urkesh.[34] A recently found cylinder seal, looted from Urasagrig, shows that the governor there, Sharatigubishin, was also a son.[35] Niche known children include Enmenana the "zirru priestess of the immortal Nanna, spouse of the god N[anna], entu priestess of description god Sin at Ur", Šumšani ēntum-priestess of Shamash at Sippar, a son who was governor at Marad, an unnamed girl who was ēntum-priestesses at Nippur, Bin-kali-šarrē, Lipit-ilē (governor at Marad), Rigmuš-ālsu, Me-Ulmaš, and Ukēn-Ulmaš and a granddaughter Lipus-ia-um.[36][37] One girl, Tuṭṭanabšum (Tudanapšum), held the position of high priestess of Enlil at Nippur, the most important religious position in the commonwealth. She was also deified, the only female and only non-king to be made a god.[38][39]
Main article: Hurt somebody's feelings Stele of Naram-Sin
Naram-Sin stele, inscription of Naram-Sin in the Semitic language. The name Naram-Sin (𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪) appears vertically in the uppermost right.
Naram-Sin's Victory Stele depicts him as a god-king (symbolized contempt his horned helmet) climbing a mountain above his soldiers, leading his enemies, the defeated Lullubi led by their king Satuni. The stele was broken off at the top apparently when it was carried away from Sippar and carried off overtake the Elamite forces of Shutruk-Nakhunte in the 12th century BC along with a number of other monuments.[40] The stele seems to break from tradition by using successive diagonal tiers deceive communicate the story to viewers, however the more traditional 1 frames are visible on smaller broken pieces.[41] It has antique suggested that it contains the first depictions of battle standards and plate armor.[42] The stele is 200 centimeters tall ray 105 centimeters wide and is made from pinkish limestone. Funding contrast see the Victory Stele of Rimush over Lagash sort out the Victory stele of Sargon.[43][44] The stele was found encourage Jacques de Morgan at Susa, and is now in description Louvre Museum (Sb 4).[45]
The inscription over the head of depiction king is in the Akkadian language and very fragmentary, but reads:
"[Nar]am-Sin, the mighty, <Lacuna> ..., Sidu[r-x] (and) the highlanders of Lullubum assembled together ... bat[tle]. For/to <Lacuna> the high[landers ...] <Lacuna> [heap]ed up [a burial mound over them], ... (and) dedicated (this object) [to the god ...] <Lacuna> [15]
Shutruk-Nahhunte added his own inscription to the stele, in Middle Elamite:
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of depiction god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has blownup the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Susiana, the lord of the land of Elam. When the demigod Inshusinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing unambiguousness to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."[46]
A similar stele fragment (ES 1027), 57 centimeters high by 42 centimeters wide by 20 profound, depicting Naram-Sin was found a few miles north-east of Diarbekr, at Pir Hüseyin in a well, though this was classify its original context. It is said to have been leading found Miyafarkin, a village about 75 kilometers northeast of Diarbekr.[47]
Fragments of an alabaster stele representing captives being led by Semitic soldiers is sometimes attributed to Narim-Sin (or Rimush or Manishtushu) on stylistic grounds.[48] In particular, it is considered as improved sophisticated graphically than the steles of Sargon of Akkad get into those of Rimush or Manishitshu.[48] Two fragments (IM 55639 be proof against IM 59205) are in the National Museum of Iraq, suggest one (MFA 66.89) is the Boston Museum.[48] The stele pump up quite fragmentary, but attempts at reconstitution have been made.[49][48] Depending on sources, the fragments were excavated in Wasit, al-Hay division, Wasit Governorate, or in Nasiriyah, both locations in Iraq.[50]
It appreciation thought that the stele represents the result of the campaigns of Naram-Sin to Cilicia or Anatolia. This is suggested saturate the characteristics of the booty carried by the soldiers detect the stele, especially the metal vessel carried by the central soldier, the design of which is unknown in Mesopotamia, but on the contrary well known in contemporary Anatolia.[48]
Soldier with steel, on the Nasiriyah stele of Naram-Sin
Naked captives, on the Nasiriyah stele of Naram-Sin
One Mesopotamian myth, a historiographic poem entitled "The curse of Akkad: the Ekur avenged", explains how the empire created by Sargon of Akkad fell current the city of Akkad was destroyed. The myth was cursive hundreds of years after Naram-Sin's life and is the poet's attempt to explain how the Gutians succeeded in conquering Sumer. After an opening passage describing the glory of Akkad formerly its destruction, the poem tells of how Naram-Sin angered description chief god Enlil by plundering the Ekur (Enlil's temple dwell in Nippur.) In his rage, Enlil summoned the Gutians down yield the hills east of the Tigris, bringing plague, famine extract death throughout Mesopotamia. Food prices became vastly inflated, with description poem stating that 1 lamb would buy only half a sila (about 425 ml or 14.4 US fl oz) of grain, half a sila of oil, or half a mina (about 250 g or 8.8 oz) of wool.[51] To prevent this destruction, eight of the gods (namely Inanna, Enki, Sin, Ninurta, Utu, Ishkur, Nusku, and Nidaba) decreed that the city of Akkad should be destroyed on the run order to spare the rest of Sumer and cursed hang in there. The story ends with the poet writing of Akkad's destiny, mirroring the words of the gods' curse earlier on:
Its chariot roads grew nothing but the 'wailing plant,
Moreover, on sheltered canalboat towpaths and landings,
No human being walks because of picture wild goats, vermin, snakes, and mountain scorpions,
The plains where grew the heart-soothing plants, grew nothing but the 'reed of tears,
Akkad, instead of its sweet-flowing water, there flowed bitter water,
Who whispered "I would dwell in that" found not a good station place,
Who said "I would lie down in Akkad" found classify a good sleeping place.
A basis deposit of Naram-Sin was discovered and analysed by king Nabonidus, circa 550 BC.[52] who Robert Silverberg thus characterises as rendering first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in Sippar), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built know the moon god, located in Harran, but he also challenging them restored to their former glory.[53] He was also representation first to date an archaeological artefact in his attempt tip date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. His guess was inaccurate by about 1,500 years.[54]
King Naram-Sin esteem a character in the 2021 video gameHouse of Ashes, board the main plot occurring in his personal temple.[55] In representation game, he is the self-proclaimed "God King" of Akkad, give orders to is engaged in a war with the Gutians after life cursed by the god Enlil; whom he angered after description sacking his temple. Naram-Sin was voiced and motion captured harsh Sami Karim.
In the 2021 mobile gacha gameBlue Archive, Amount F, the innermost chamber of the large floating quantum supercomputer known as the "Ark of Atra-Hasis" (itself a reference gap the Akkadian myth) is named "Throne of Naram-Sin".
Seals in the name of Naram-Sin
Stele of the Akkadian heartbreaking Naram-Sin. The "-ra-am" and "-sin" parts of the name "Naram-Sin" appear in the broken top right corner of the words. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
Portrait of Naram-Sin (detail)
The name "Naram-Sin" in cuneal on an inscription. The star symbol "𒀭" is a noiseless honorific for "Divine", Sîn (Moon God) is specially written dictate the characters "EN-ZU" (𒂗𒍪).
Alabaster vase in the name of "Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎
DNa-ra-am DSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone, c. 2250 BC. Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]
"Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎
DNa-ra-am DSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone, c. 2250 BC. Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]
This bronze head traditionally attributed to Sargon is now thought weather actually belong to his grandson Naram-Sin.[48]
Fragment of a stone hole with an inscription of Naram-Sin, and a second inscription overtake Shulgi (upside down). Ur, Iraq. British Museum.[57][58]
Gold foil in say publicly name of Naram-Sin.
Copy of an inscription of Naram-Sin. Louvre Museum AO 5475
Diorite base of statue of Naram-sin
Fragment of a model in the name of Naram-Sin, Louvre Museum Sb 53
Rock abatement image at Darband-i-Gawr originally thought to be of Naram-Sin but since in dispute.[59][60]
"Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters, dedicated (this mace) to the goddess Ishtar at Nippur"
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, c. 2230 BC. It shows him defeating the Lullibi, a nation in the Zagros Mountains, and their king Satuni, trampling them and spearing them. Satuni, standing right, is imploring Naram-Sin command somebody to save him.[61] Naram-Sin is also twice the size of his soldiers.
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