I sigmund freud biography and contributions

Founder of psychoanalysis (1856–1939)

"Freud" and "Freudian" redirect here. For upset uses, see Freudian slip and Freud (disambiguation).

Sigmund Freud (FROYD;^[2]German:[ˈziːkmʊntˈfrɔʏt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May well 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist paramount the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating alight treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the ‚lan vital, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst,^[3] and the distinctive uncertainly of mind and human agency derived from it.^[4]

Freud was intelligent to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor designate medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna.^[5][6] Upon complemental his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent accumulate neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902.^[7] Freud flybynight and worked in Vienna having set up his clinical habit there in 1886. Following the German annexation of Austria complicated March 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. Purify died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939.

In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the sign over of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central carve up in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to embody its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus slow as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory.^[8] His analysis sustaining dreams as wish-fulfilments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of suppression. On this basis, Freud elaborated his theory of the insensible and went on to develop a model of psychic makeup comprising id, ego and super-ego.^[9] Freud postulated the existence funding libido, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures hold invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death current, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression, and neurotic guilt.^[9] In his later work, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation suggest critique of religion and culture.

Though in overall decline trade in a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within attitude, psychiatry, psychotherapy, and across the humanities. It thus continues line of attack generate extensive and highly contested debate concerning its therapeutic effectivity, its scientific status, and whether it advances or hinders say publicly feminist cause.^[10] Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western be trained and popular culture. W. H. Auden's 1940 poetic tribute resemble Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate pray to opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".^[11]

Biography

Early woman and education

Sigmund Freud was born to Ashkenazi Jewish parents groove the Moravian town of Freiberg,^[12][13] in the Austrian Empire (in Czech Příbor, now Czech Republic), the first of eight children.^[14] Both of his parents were from Galicia. His father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakob's family were Hasidic Jews nearby, although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, proscribed came to be known for his Torah study. He wallet Freud's mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger instruction his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855.^[15] They were struggling financially and landdwelling in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.^[16] He was dropped with a caul, which his mother saw as a and more omen for the boy's future.^[17]

In 1859, the Freud family consider Freiberg. Freud's half-brothers immigrated to Manchester, England, parting him unearth the "inseparable" playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel's son, John.^[18] Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sis, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born contact 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and proof in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a fellow were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, say publicly nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high primary. He proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated evacuate the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature stomach was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Indweller and Greek.^[19]

Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the checkup faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy bring round Franz Brentano, physiology under Ernst Brücke, and zoology under Darwinist professor Carl Claus.^[20] In 1876, Freud spent four weeks tolerate Claus's zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs.^[21] Pimple 1877, Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology laboratory where noteworthy spent six years comparing the brains of humans with those of other vertebrates such as frogs, lampreys as well slightly also invertebrates, for example crayfish. His research work on representation biology of nervous tissue proved seminal for the subsequent origination of the neuron in the 1890s.^[22] Freud's research work was interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to undertake a year's compulsory military service. The lengthy downtimes enabled him to culminate a commission to translate four essays from John Stuart Mill's collected works.^[23] He graduated with an MD in March 1881.^[24]

Early career and marriage

In 1882 Freud began his medical career even Vienna General Hospital. His research work in cerebral anatomy dynamic to the publication in 1884 of an influential paper sign on the palliative effects of cocaine, and his work on aphasia would form the basis of his first book On Aphasia: A Critical Study, published in 1891.^[25] Over a three-year copy out, Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His intention spent in Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic and as a reliever in a local asylum led to an increased interest involve clinical work. His substantial body of published research led peak his appointment as a university lecturer or docent in neuropathology in 1885, a non-salaried post but one which entitled him to give lectures at the University of Vienna.^[26]

In 1886 Analyst resigned his hospital post and entered private practice specializing score "nervous disorders". The same year he married Martha Bernays, depiction granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a chief rabbi in Hamburg. Neurologist was, as an atheist, dismayed at the requirement in Oesterreich for a Jewish religious ceremony and briefly considered, before dismissing, the prospect of joining the Protestant 'Confession' to avoid one.^[27] A civil ceremony for Bernays and Freud took place bank on 13 September and a religious ceremony took place the people day, with Freud having been hastily tutored in the Canaanitic prayers.^[28] The Freuds had six children: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), Ernst (b. 1892), Sophie (b. 1893), and Anna (b. 1895). From 1891 until they maintain equilibrium Vienna in 1938, Freud and his family lived in prominence apartment at Berggasse 19, near Innere Stadt.

On 8 Dec 1897 Freud was initiated into the German Jewish cultural trellis B'nai B'rith, to which he remained linked for all his life. Freud gave a speech on the interpretation of dreams, which had an enthusiastic reception. It anticipated the book souk the same name, which was published for the first as to two years later.^{[29][30][31][32]}

In 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, became a permanent member of the Freud household after the inattentive of her fiancé. The close relationship she formed with Neurologist led to rumours, started by Carl Jung, of an concern. The discovery of a Swiss hotel guest-book entry for 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been presented as evidence of the affair.^[33]

Freud began vapour tobacco at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he became a cigar smoker.^[34] He believed smoking enhanced his capacity foster work and that he could exercise self-control in moderating become. Despite health warnings from colleague Wilhelm Fliess, he remained a smoker, eventually developing buccal cancer.^[35] Freud suggested to Fliess guaranteed 1897 that addictions, including that to tobacco, were substitutes famine masturbation, "the one great habit."^[36]

Freud had greatly admired his metaphysical philosophy tutor, Franz Brentano, who was known for his theories innumerable perception and introspection. Brentano discussed the possible existence of representation unconscious mind in his Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Although Brentano denied its existence, his discussion of the elusive probably helped introduce Freud to the concept.^[37] Freud owned lecturer made use of Charles Darwin's major evolutionary writings and was also influenced by Eduard von Hartmann's The Philosophy of picture Unconscious (1869). Other texts of importance to Freud were outdo Fechner and Herbart,^[38] with the latter's Psychology as Science arguably considered to be of underrated significance in this respect.^[39] Neurologist also drew on the work of Theodor Lipps, who was one of the main contemporary theorists of the concepts confront the unconscious and empathy.^[40]

Though Freud was reluctant to associate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, attention has been unpopular to analogies between his work and that of both Schopenhauer^[41] and Nietzsche. In 1908, Freud said that he occasionally pore over Nietzsche, and was strongly fascinated by his writings, but sincere not study him, because he found Nietzsche's "intuitive insights" resembled too much his own work at the time, and along with because he was overwhelmed by the "wealth of ideas" unwind encountered when he read Nietzsche. Freud sometimes would deny interpretation influence of Nietzsche's ideas. One historian quotes Peter L. Rudnytsky, who says that based on Freud's correspondence with his youngster friend Eduard Silberstein, Freud read Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy and probably the first two of the Untimely Meditations when he was seventeen.^[42][43] Freud bought Nietzsche's collected works in 1900; telling Wilhelm Fliess that he hoped to find in Nietzsche's works "the words for much that remains mute in me." Later, he said he had not yet opened them.^[44] Analyst came to treat Nietzsche's writings, according to Peter Gay, "as texts to be resisted far more than to be studied."^[45] His interest in philosophy declined after he decided on a career in neurology.^[46]

Freud read William Shakespeare in English; his contract of human psychology may have been partially derived from Shakespeare's plays.^[47]

Freud's Jewish origins and his allegiance to his secular Somebody identity were of significant influence in the formation of his intellectual and moral outlook, especially concerning his intellectual non-conformism, rightfully he pointed out in his Autobiographical Study.^[48] They would further have a substantial effect on the content of psychoanalytic ideas, particularly in respect of their common concerns with depth propose and "the bounding of desire by law".^[49]

Relationship with Fliess

See also: Metapsychology § Freud and the als ob problem

During the formative soothe of his work, Freud valued and came to rely reliable the intellectual and emotional support of his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin-based ear, nose, and throat specialist whom he esoteric first met in 1887. Both men saw themselves as unique from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to develop radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess urbane highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital union which are today considered pseudoscientific.^[50] He shared Freud's views pastime the importance of certain aspects of sexuality – masturbation, intercourse interruptus, and the use of condoms – in the cause of what was then called the "actual neuroses," primarily neurasthenia and certain physically manifested anxiety symptoms.^[51] They maintained an put the last touches to correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on 1 sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the nurture, his Project for a Scientific Psychology, was developed as a metapsychology with Fliess as interlocutor.^[52] However, Freud's efforts to raise a bridge between neurology and psychology were eventually abandoned afterward they had reached an impasse, as his letters to Fliess reveal,^[53] though some ideas of the Project were to note down taken up again in the concluding chapter of The Clarification of Dreams.^[54]

Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose illustrious sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis",^[55] and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud, her record of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, orangutan the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was curable by removal of part of the middle turbinate.^[56][57] Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding; closure had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal hollow whose subsequent removal left her permanently disfigured. At first, sort through aware of Fliess's culpability and regarding the remedial surgery reveal horror, Freud could bring himself only to intimate delicately enclosure his correspondence with Fliess the nature of his disastrous lap, and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on representation matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of youngster self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages were rabid "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved outward show her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychiatric therapy herself.^[58][59][56]

Freud, who had called Fliess "the Kepler of biology", ulterior concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and rendering residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his fidelity to his Jewish friend and his consequent overestimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship came to proposal acrimonious end with Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to back his general theory of sexual periodicity and accusing him be in the region of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess backslided to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over the publishing of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality disclose 1906, their relationship came to an end.^[60]

Development of psychoanalysis

In Oct 1885, Freud went to Paris on a three-month fellowship tackle study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurologist who was conducting scientific research into hypnosis. He was later to recall representation experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him spotlight the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a regardless financially promising career in neurology research.^[62] Charcot specialized in rendering study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he regularly demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an opportunity.

Once he had set up in private practice in Vienna in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical toil. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer, in a type of hypnosis that was different get out of the French methods he had studied, in that it blunt not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient warning sign Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice. Described as Anna O., she was invited to talk about attendant symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase "talking cure"). Her symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset.

The unconformable results of Freud's early clinical work eventually led him get closer abandon hypnosis, having concluded that more consistent and effective mark relief could be achieved by encouraging patients to talk candidly, without censorship or inhibition, about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them. He called this procedure "free association". In conjugation with this, Freud found that patients' dreams could be productively analyzed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material extract to demonstrate the psychic action of repression which, he challenging concluded, underlay symptom formation. By 1896 he was using description term "psychoanalysis" to refer to his new clinical method near the theories on which it was based.^[63]

Freud's development of these new theories took place during a period in which elegance experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of depression, a "neurasthenia" which he linked to the death of his dad in 1896^[64] and which prompted a "self-analysis" of his pervade dreams and memories of childhood. His explorations of his rub the wrong way of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother's affections led him to fundamentally revise his theory decay the origin of the neuroses.

Based on his early clinical work, Freud postulated that unconscious memories of sexual molestation sight early childhood were a necessary precondition for psychoneuroses (hysteria suggest obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as Freud's seduction theory.^[65] In the light of his self-analysis, Freud abandoned the notionally that every neurosis can be traced back to the chattels of infantile sexual abuse, now arguing that infantile sexual scenarios still had a causative function, but it did not substance whether they were real or imagined and that in either case, they became pathogenic only when acting as repressed memories.^[66]

This transition from the theory of infantile sexual trauma as a general explanation of how all neuroses originate to one consider it presupposes autonomous infantile sexuality provided the basis for Freud's significant formulation of the theory of the Oedipus complex.^[67]

Freud described representation evolution of his clinical method and set out his uncertainly of the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in several advise histories, in Studies on Hysteria published in 1895 (co-authored operate Josef Breuer). In 1899, he published The Interpretation of Dreams in which, following a critical review of existing theory, Psychoanalyst gives detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' dreams in terms of wish-fulfillments made subject to the repression subject censorship of the "dream-work". He then sets out the short version model of mental structure (the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious) teach which this account is based. An abridged version, On Dreams, was published in 1901. In works that would win him a more general readership, Freud applied his theories outside interpretation clinical setting in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) cope with Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905).^[68] In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, published in 1905, Analyst elaborates his theory of infantile sexuality, describing its "polymorphous perverse" forms and the functioning of the "drives", to which smack gives rise, in the formation of sexual identity.^[69] The total year he published Fragment of an Analysis of a Set of circumstances of Hysteria, which became one of his more famous forward controversial case studies.^[70] Known as the 'Dora' case study, send off for Freud it was illustrative of hysteria as a symptom roost contributed to his understanding of the importance of transference introduce a clinical phenomena. In other of his early case studies Freud set out to describe the symptomatology of obsessional psychosis in the case of the Rat man, and phobia remit the case of Little Hans.^[71]

Early followers

In 1902, Freud, at surname, realised his long-standing ambition to be made a university lecturer. The title "professor extraordinarius"^[72] was important to Freud for depiction recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no salary person above you teaching duties attached to the post (he would be given the enhanced status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920).^[73] Despite strut from the university, his appointment had been blocked in continual years by the political authorities and it was secured sole with the intervention of an influential ex-patient, Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of education condemnation a valuable painting.^[74]

Freud continued with the regular series of lectures on his work which, since the mid-1880s as a doctor of Vienna University, he had been delivering to small audiences every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the university's psychiatric clinic.^[75] From the autumn of 1902, a number lay out Viennese physicians who had expressed interest in Freud's work were invited to meet at his apartment every Wednesday afternoon succumb to discuss issues relating to psychology and neuropathology.^[76] This group was called the Wednesday Psychological Society (Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft) and it imperfect the beginnings of the worldwide psychoanalytic movement.^[77]

Freud founded this query group at the suggestion of the physician Wilhelm Stekel. Stekel had studied medicine; his conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his successful treatment by Freud for a sexual quandary or as a result of his reading The Interpretation show signs Dreams, to which he subsequently gave a positive review organize the Viennese daily newspaper Neues Wiener Tagblatt.^[78] The other leash original members whom Freud invited to attend, Alfred Adler, Loudening Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, were also physicians^[79] and all cinque were Jewish by birth.^[80] Both Kahane and Reitler were youth friends of Freud who had gone to university with him and kept abreast of Freud's developing ideas by attending his Saturday evening lectures.^[81] In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work,^[75] had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute have a high regard for which he was the director in Vienna.^[76] In the identical year, his medical textbook, Outline of Internal Medicine for Group of pupils and Practicing Physicians, was published. In it, he provided key outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method.^[75] Kahane broke with Freud obtain left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown grounds and in 1923 committed suicide.^[82] Reitler was the director additional an establishment providing thermal cures in Dorotheergasse which had antiquated founded in 1901.^[76] He died prematurely in 1917. Adler, regarded as the most formidable intellect among the early Freud salvo, was a socialist who in 1898 had written a uneven manual for the tailoring trade. He was particularly interested embankment the potential social impact of psychiatry.^[83]

Max Graf, a Viennese musicologist and father of "Little Hans", who had first encountered Neurologist in 1900 and joined the Wednesday group soon after closefitting initial inception,^[84] described the ritual and atmosphere of the trustworthy meetings of the society:

The gatherings followed a definite formal. First one of the members would present a paper. Spread, black coffee and cakes were served; cigars and cigarettes were on the table and were consumed in great quantities. Afterward a social quarter of an hour, the discussion would enter on. The last and decisive word was always spoken by Analyst himself. There was the atmosphere of the foundation of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new soothsayer who made the heretofore prevailing methods of psychological investigation come to light superficial.^[83]

By 1906, the group had grown to sixteen members, including Otto Rank, who was employed as the group's paid secretary.^[83] In the same year, Freud began a correspondence with Carl Gustav Jung who was by then already an academically professional researcher into word-association and the Galvanic Skin Response, and a lecturer at Zurich University, although still only an assistant pay homage to Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital in Zürich.^[85][86] Access March 1907, Jung and Ludwig Binswanger, also a Swiss psychiatric consultant, travelled to Vienna to visit Freud and attend the deliberation group. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status, the Wednesday bunch was reconstituted as the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society^[87] with Freud tempt president, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor sustenance Adler in the hope of neutralizing his increasingly critical standpoint.^[88]

The first woman member, Margarete Hilferding, joined the Society in 1910^[89] and the following year she was joined by Tatiana Rosenthal and Sabina Spielrein who were both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University medical school. Before the completion apply her studies, Spielrein had been a patient of Jung tackle the Burghölzli and the clinical and personal details of their relationship became the subject of an extensive correspondence between Neurologist and Jung. Both women would go on to make smarting contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society supported in 1910.^[90]

Freud's early followers met together formally for the have control over time at the Hotel Bristol, Salzburg on 27 April 1908. This meeting, which was retrospectively deemed to be the cap International Psychoanalytic Congress,^[91] was convened at the suggestion of Ernest Jones, then a London-based neurologist who had discovered Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic methods in his clinical work. Phonetician had met Jung at a conference the previous year unthinkable they met up again in Zürich to organize the Intercourse. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practising analysts."^[92] In addition to Jones arm the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, additionally present and notable for their subsequent importance in the psychoanalytical movement were Karl Abraham and Max Eitingon from Berlin, Sándor Ferenczi from Budapest and the New York-based Abraham Brill.

Important decisions were taken at the Congress to advance the result of Freud's work. A journal, the Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische close to psychopathologische Forschungen, was launched in 1909 under the editorship considerate Jung. This was followed in 1910 by the monthly Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse edited by Adler and Stekel, in 1911 rough Imago, a journal devoted to the application of psychoanalysis realize the field of cultural and literary studies edited by Associate and in 1913 by the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, further edited by Rank.^[93] Plans for an international association of psychoanalysts were put in place and these were implemented at say publicly Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's support, as its first president.

Freud turned to Brill favour Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic root in the English-speaking world. Both were invited to Vienna people the Salzburg Congress and a division of labour was grand with Brill given the translation rights for Freud's works, other Jones, who was to take up a post at interpretation University of Toronto later in the year, tasked with establishing a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic existing medical life.^[94] Jones's advocacy prepared the way for Freud's cry to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, flash September 1909 at the invitation of Stanley Hall, president female Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, where he gave five lectures large psychoanalysis.^[95]

The event, at which Freud was awarded an Honorary Degree, marked the first public recognition of Freud's work and attracted widespread media interest. Freud's audience included the distinguished neurologist arena psychiatrist James Jackson Putnam, Professor of Diseases of the Neurotic System at Harvard, who invited Freud to his country extend where they held extensive discussions over a period of quaternity days. Putnam's subsequent public endorsement of Freud's work represented a significant breakthrough for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States.^[95] When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the English Psychoanalytic Association in May 1911 they were elected president enjoin secretary respectively. Brill founded the New York Psychoanalytic Society description same year. His English translations of Freud's work began oppose appear from 1909.

Resignations from the IPA

Some of Freud's multitude subsequently withdrew from the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) and supported their own schools.

From 1909, Adler's views on topics specified as neurosis began to differ markedly from those held encourage Freud. As Adler's position appeared increasingly incompatible with Freudianism, a series of confrontations between their respective viewpoints took place stroke the meetings of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in January streak February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president show the society, resigned his position. At this time, Stekel further resigned from his position as vice president of the backup singers. Adler finally left the Freudian group altogether in June 1911 to form his own organization with nine other members who had also resigned from the group.^[96] This new formation was initially called Society for Free Psychoanalysis but it was before long renamed the Society for Individual Psychology. In the period later World War I, Adler became increasingly associated with a spiritual position he devised called individual psychology.^[97]

In 1912, Jung published Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (published in English in 1916 monkey Psychology of the Unconscious) making it clear that his views were taking a direction quite different from those of Psychoanalyst. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it analytic psychology.^[98] Anticipating the final breakdown of the relationship between Analyst and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a Hidden Committee of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence build up institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed in the fall of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Stratum, and Hanns Sachs. Max Eitingon joined the Committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself not to make any public exit from the fundamental tenets of psychoanalytic theory before he abstruse discussed his views with the others. After this development, Psychologist recognised that his position was untenable and resigned as rewrite man of the Jahrbuch and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich branch of the IPA withdrew from membership the following July.^[99]

Later the same year, Freud promulgated a paper entitled "The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement", say publicly German original being first published in the Jahrbuch, giving his view on the birth and evolution of the psychoanalytic development and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it.

The final defection from Freud's inner circle occurred following the publishing in 1924 of Rank's The Trauma of Birth which newborn members of the Committee read as, in effect, abandoning description Oedipus Complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytic theory. Ibrahim and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and scour he and Freud were reluctant to end their close nearby long-standing relationship the break finally came in 1926 when Separate resigned from his official posts in the IPA and leftwing Vienna for Paris. His place on the committee was disused by Anna Freud.^[100] Rank eventually settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian theory were to influence a new generation of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of picture IPA.

Early psychoanalytic movement